UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

SCHEDULE 14A

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934 (Amendment No. )

Check the appropriate box:

Ampco–Pittsburgh Corporation

(Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if other than the Registrant)

Payment of Filing Fee (Check the appropriate box):

726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, Carnegie, Pennsylvania 15106

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS

TO BE HELD FRIDAY, MAY 8, 2026

TO THE SHAREHOLDERS OF

AMPCO-PITTSBURGH CORPORATION

Notice is hereby given that the Annual Meeting of Shareholders of Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation (“Ampco” or the “Corporation”) will be held in the Founders Room, 1st Floor, The Duquesne Club, 325 Sixth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at 10:00 A.M., Eastern Time on Friday, May 8, 2026, for the following purposes:

The foregoing items of business are more fully described in the Proxy Statement accompanying this Notice of Annual Meeting. The Board unanimously recommends that shareholders vote “FOR” both of the nominees for director named in the accompanying Proxy Statement and “FOR” each of Proposals 2 and 3 on the enclosed proxy card.

Only shareholders of record at the close of business on March 12, 2026 are entitled to notice of and to vote at the meeting and any adjournment or postponement thereof. The Annual Meeting may be adjourned or postponed from time to time. At any adjourned or postponed meeting, action with respect to matters specified in this notice may be taken without further notice to shareholders, unless required by law or the Corporation’s Amended and Restated By-laws (the “Bylaws”).

All shareholders are cordially invited to attend the Annual Meeting. Whether or not you expect to attend, we encourage you to submit your proxy as soon as possible using one of three convenient methods by (i) accessing the internet site described in the accompanying proxy statement and on the proxy card or voting instruction form provided to you, (ii) calling the toll-free number in the accompanying proxy statement and on the proxy card or voting instruction form provided to you, or (iii) completing, signing, dating and returning the enclosed proxy card promptly in the accompanying envelope, which requires no postage if mailed in the United States, or voting instruction form provided to you.

If your broker, bank, trustee or other similar organization is the holder of record of your shares (i.e., your shares are held in “street name”), you will receive a voting instruction form from the holder of record. You must provide voting instructions by filling out the voting instruction form in order for your shares to be voted. We recommend that you instruct your broker or other nominee to vote your shares on the enclosed proxy card. The proxy is revocable and will not affect your right to vote in person if you attend the Annual Meeting.

The Board, including all of its independent directors, unanimously recommends that you vote on the Proxy Card or voting instruction form “FOR” the election of Mr. J. Brett McBrayer and Mr. Darrell L. McNair.

If you are unable to attend the Annual Meeting, a replay of the meeting will be available on www.ampcopgh.com/investors.

Regardless of the number of shares of Common Stock of the Corporation that you own, your vote is important. Thank you for your continued support, interest and investment in Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

March 27, 2026

Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials for

the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to Be Held on Friday, May 8, 2026

The proxy statement and the annual report of the Corporation are available at

http://www.ampcopgh.com/investors

For those requesting physical copies of our Annual Report for the year ending December 31, 2025, please mail such request to:

Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation

c/o Corporate Secretary

726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301

P.O. Box 457

Carnegie, PA 15106

All shareholders are cordially invited to attend the Annual Meeting in person. Your vote is important, and, whether or not you expect to attend the Annual Meeting in person, it is requested that you PROMPTLY fill in, sign, and return the enclosed proxy card or follow the internet or telephone voting instructions included in the accompanying proxy statement and on the proxy card.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROXY STATEMENT

Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 8, 2026

This Proxy Statement and the accompanying proxy card, along with the 2025 Annual Report to Shareholders is being distributed to shareholders on or about March 27, 2026 in connection with the solicitation by the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, a Pennsylvania corporation (the “Corporation”) of proxies to be voted at the Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Annual Meeting”), which will be held at the Founders Room, 1st Floor, The Duquesne Club, 325 Sixth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on Friday, May 8, 2026 at 10:00 AM., Eastern Time and at any adjournment or postponement thereof, for the purposes set forth in the accompanying Notice of Annual Meeting. Any shareholder giving such a proxy may revoke it at any time before it is exercised by written notice to the Corporate Secretary of the Corporation at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, P.O. Box 457, Carnegie, PA 15106, by giving a later dated proxy or by attending the Annual Meeting and voting in person. Attendance at the Annual Meeting will not in itself have the effect of revoking the proxy.

As used in this Proxy Statement, the terms “Ampco”, “the Corporation”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation.

Important Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Information Contained in this Proxy Statement

Any forward-looking statements contained in this Proxy Statement are included pursuant to the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies of the Corporation regarding the future, and may be identified by the use of words such as “expects,” “believes,” “intends,” “projects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “plans,” “seeks,” “forecasts,” “predicts,” “objective,” “targets,” “potential,” “outlook,” “may,” “will,” “could” or the negative of these terms, other comparable terminology and variations thereof. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to be materially different from management’s expectations, and no assurance can be given that such expectations will prove correct. Factors that could cause the Company’s results to differ materially from the results discussed in such forward-looking statements principally include, but are not limited to, the inability to maintain adequate liquidity to meet our operating cash flow requirements, repay maturing debt and meet other financial obligations as they become due; economic downturns, cyclical demand for our products and insufficient demand for our products; excess global capacity in the steel industry; inability to successfully restructure our operations, exit our U.K. operations, and/or invest in operations that will yield the best long-term value to our shareholders; changes in the global economic environment, inflation, the ongoing impact of tariffs, elevated interest rates, recessions or prolonged periods of slow economic growth, and global instability and actual and threatened geopolitical conflict; liability of our subsidiaries for claims alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos-containing components historically used in certain products of our subsidiaries; inability to obtain necessary capital or financing on satisfactory terms to acquire capital expenditures that may be necessary to support our growth strategy; inoperability of certain equipment on which we rely; increases in commodity prices or insufficient hedging against increases in commodity prices, reductions in electricity and natural gas supply or shortages of key production materials for us or our customers; inability to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange; potential attacks on information technology infrastructure and other cyber-based business disruptions; fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies; changes in the existing regulatory environment; consequences of pandemics and geopolitical conflicts; work stoppage or another industrial action on the part of any of our unions; failure to maintain an effective system of internal control; and other factors described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and other periodic filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Corporation cautions that the foregoing list of important factors is not all inclusive. Readers are also cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s analysis only as of the date of this Proxy Statement, even if subsequently made available by the Corporation on its website or otherwise. The Corporation does not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by or on behalf of the Corporation to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Proxy Statement unless required by law.

PROXY SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this Proxy Statement. You should read this entire Proxy Statement carefully before voting. This Proxy Statement and the related proxy materials were first distributed to shareholders on or about March 27, 2026.

Voting Matters

Board Nominees

You are being asked to vote on the election of nominees to serve on the Board, for a term of three years to fill the class of directors whose term expires in 2029. Additional information about the background and experience of the two nominees recommended by the Board can be found beginning on page 12.

THE BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS VOTING “FOR” THE ELECTION OF BOTH OF THE BOARD’S NOMINEES IN PROPOSAL 1 USING THE ENCLOSED PROXY CARD.

Corporate Governance Highlights

We are committed to good corporate governance, which we believe is important to the success of our business and in advancing shareholder interests. Our corporate governance practices are described in greater detail in the “Corporate Governance” section. Highlights include:

Executive Compensation Program Highlights

Our executive compensation program is designed to attract and retain top talent by enabling the Corporation to compete effectively for the highest quality personnel and to pay for performance by aligning compensation with the achievement of both short-term and long-term financial objectives that build shareholder value.

The 2025 executive compensation program featured a balanced mix of salary and performance-driven annual and long-term incentive award opportunities. In designing our executive compensation program, we have implemented programs and policies that support our commitment to good compensation governance and that create alignment between our executives and our shareholders.

WHAT WE DO

WHAT WE DON’T DO

Additional information about our compensation philosophy and program, including compensation determinations for each of our named executive officers, can be found in the “Executive Compensation Overview” starting on page 28 of this Proxy Statement.

Ratification of the Appointment of our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2026

We are requesting that shareholders ratify the appointment of BDO USA, P.C. as the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2026. The table below shows the fees paid by the Corporation to BDO USA, P.C., the independent public accounting firm for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

We encourage you to read the entire Proxy Statement and to vote your shares using the instructions on the proxy card for the Annual Meeting. If you are unable to attend the Annual Meeting in person, we encourage you to submit a proxy using the instructions on the proxy card so that your shares will be represented and voted for each of the proposals described in this Proxy Statement.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS REGARDING THE ANNUAL MEETING

Q: Why am I receiving these materials?

A: As a shareholder, we are providing these proxy materials to you in connection with our solicitation of proxies to be voted at our Annual Meeting, which will take place on Friday, May 8, 2026. Each of the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials and these materials were first distributed to shareholders on or about March 27, 2026. You are invited to attend the Annual Meeting, and you are requested to vote on the proposals described in this Proxy Statement.

Q: What is included in these materials?

A: These materials include:

Q: What do I need to do to attend the Annual Meeting?

A: Valid government-issued photo identification, such as a driver’s license or passport, is required to attend the Annual Meeting. The registration desk will open at 9:45 a.m. and the meeting will begin at 10:00 AM. Please note that seating in the meeting room is limited.

If you own shares in street name, you will need to ask your bank or broker for an admission card in the form of a confirmation of beneficial ownership. You will need to bring a confirmation of beneficial ownership with you to vote at the Annual Meeting. If you do not receive your confirmation of beneficial ownership in time, bring your most recent brokerage statement with you to the Annual Meeting. We can use that to verify your ownership of Common Stock and admit you to the meeting; however, you will not be able to vote your shares at the meeting.

Q: What am I being asked to vote on?

A: You are being asked to vote on the following proposals:

Q: What are the voting recommendations of the Board?

A: The Board recommends the following votes:

Q: Why is the Board making such recommendations?

A: We describe each proposal and the Board’s reason for its recommendation with respect to each proposal beginning on pages 12, 27, and 48, and elsewhere in this Proxy Statement.

Q: Will any other matters be voted on?

A: We are not aware of any other matters that will be brought before the shareholders for a vote at the Annual Meeting. If any other matter is properly brought before the meeting, your proxy card will authorize each of Keith A. Zatawski and Kimberly P. Knox (together, the “Proxies”) to vote on such matters in their discretion.

Q: Who is soliciting my proxy?

A: The Board, on behalf of the Corporation, is soliciting your proxy to vote your shares of Common Stock on all matters scheduled to come before the Annual Meeting, whether or not you attend the meeting. By completing, signing, dating and returning the proxy card or voting instruction form, or by transmitting your proxy and voting instructions over the internet or by telephone, you are authorizing the Proxies to vote your shares of Common Stock at the Annual Meeting as you have instructed. Proxies will be solicited on behalf of the Board by the Corporation’s directors, director nominees, and certain executive officers of the Corporation, and the Corporation will bear the costs of such solicitation.

Q: Who is entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting?

A: The Board has set March 12, 2026 as the Record Date for the Annual Meeting. You are entitled to notice and to vote if you are a shareholder as of the close of business on March 12, 2026. You are entitled to one vote on each proposal for each share of Common Stock you hold on the Record Date, except shareholders have the right to cumulate votes in regard to the election of directors. Your shares may be voted at the Annual Meeting only if you are “present” at the Annual Meeting or your shares are represented by a valid proxy. At the close of business on March 12, 2026, there were 20,326,389 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding.

Q: What is the difference between a shareholder of “record” and a “street name” owner?

A: If your shares are registered directly in your name, you are considered the shareholder of record with respect to those shares. The Corporation sent the proxy materials directly to you. The proxy card accompanying this Proxy Statement will provide information regarding how to vote your shares.

If your shares are held in a stock brokerage account or by a bank, trust or other nominee, then the broker, bank, trust or other nominee is considered to be the shareholder of record with respect to those shares. You are considered to be the beneficial owner of those shares and your shares are said to be held in “street name,” and the proxy materials are being forwarded to you by that organization. Street name owners generally cannot submit a proxy or vote their shares directly and must instead instruct the broker, bank, trust or other nominee how to vote their shares. If you do not provide that organization with specific direction on how to vote, other than with respect to the ratification of the selection of our independent registered public accounting firm, your shares held in the name of that organization may not be voted and will not be considered entitled to vote on any matters to be considered at the Annual Meeting, and as such, however, your shares will be considered present at the Annual Meeting. If you own your shares in “street name,” please instruct your bank, broker, trustee or other nominee how to vote your shares using the voting instruction form provided by your bank, broker, trustee or other nominee so that your vote can be counted. The provided voting instruction form may also include information about how to submit your voting instructions over the internet or by telephone, if such options are available.

Q: How do I vote?

A: The process for voting your shares depends on how your Common Stock is held. Generally, you may hold Common Stock in your name as a “shareholder of record” or in an account with a broker, bank, trust or other nominee (i.e., in “street name”). Ballots will be provided during the Annual Meeting to anyone who wants to vote in person at the meeting. If you hold shares in street name, you must request a confirmation of beneficial ownership from your broker to vote in person at the meeting.

VOTING AS A SHAREHOLDER OF RECORD

If you are a shareholder of record as of the close of business on the Record Date, you may cast your vote using any of the following methods:

The telephone and internet voting facilities for the shareholders of record of all shares will close at 11:59 P.M. Eastern Time on Thursday, May 7, 2026. Even if you plan to attend the Annual Meeting, we recommend that you also submit your proxy card or vote on the internet or by telephone by the applicable deadline so that your vote will be counted if you later decide not to attend the Annual Meeting.

You will be able to vote your shares at the Annual Meeting if you attend in person.

If you vote by internet or telephone or return your signed proxy card or voting instruction form, your shares will be voted as you indicate. If you do not indicate how your shares are to be voted on a proposal, if you are a holder of record your shares will be voted, with respect to that proposal, in accordance with the voting recommendations of the Board.

VOTING AS A BENEFICIAL OWNER

As the beneficial owner, you have the right to direct your broker, bank, or other nominee on how to vote the shares in your account. You should follow the voting instructions provided by your broker, bank, or other nominee. You will receive, or be provided access to, proxy materials and voting instructions for each account that you have with a broker, bank, or other nominee. If you wish to change the voting instructions that you provided your broker, bank, or other nominee, you should follow the instructions from your broker, bank, or other nominee.

If your shares are held in a brokerage account in your broker’s name (also known as “street name”), you should follow the instructions for voting provided by your broker or nominee. You may submit voting instructions by internet or telephone or you may complete and mail a voting instruction card to your broker or nominee. If you provide specific voting instructions by telephone, internet or mail, your broker or nominee will vote your shares as you have directed.

Q: Can I revoke or change my vote after I deliver my proxy?

A: Yes. If you are a shareholder of record, you can change your vote or revoke your proxy at any time prior to the voting thereof at the Annual Meeting by:

If your shares are held in a brokerage account in your broker’s name, you should follow the instructions for changing or revoking your vote provided by your broker or nominee.

Q: Is cumulative voting permitted for the election of directors?

A: You have the right to cumulate your votes by distributing a number of votes, determined by multiplying the number of directors to be elected at the Annual Meeting (i.e., two) by the number of your shares as of the close of business on the Record Date, to one individual nominee or among two or more nominees. Unless contrary instructions are provided on the enclosed proxy card or voting instruction form, the persons named as proxies may cast all of their votes “For” or “Withhold” with respect to the nominees or may allocate the votes among the nominees in accordance with their discretion.

Q: What happens if I do not specify how I want my shares voted? What is discretionary voting? What is a broker non-vote?

A: As a shareholder as of the close of business on the Record Date, if you properly complete, sign, date and return a proxy card or voting instruction form, your shares of Common Stock will be voted as you specify. However, if you are a shareholder of record and you return an executed proxy card or submit your proxy by telephone or internet and do not specify how you want your shares voted, the persons named as proxies will vote your shares:

A “broker non-vote” occurs when a broker holding shares for a beneficial owner has not received voting instructions from the beneficial owner and the broker does not have discretionary authority to vote the shares. If you own your shares beneficially in street name through a broker and do not provide voting instructions to your broker, your shares will be considered to be broker non-votes and will not be voted on any proposal on which your broker does not have discretionary authority to vote.

Q: How many shares must be present to conduct business at the Annual Meeting?

A: Holders of at least a majority of the votes that all shareholders are entitled to cast at the Annual Meeting must be represented in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting in order to conduct business. This is called a quorum. If you vote, your shares will be part of the quorum. Abstentions, withheld votes, and broker-non-votes will be counted in determining whether a quorum exists.

The judge of election will determine whether a quorum is present. At the close of business on March 12, 2026, there were 20,326,389 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding. Shares are counted as present at the Annual Meeting if:

If you are a record holder and you submit your proxy, regardless of whether you abstain from voting on one or more matters, your shares will be counted as present at the Annual Meeting for the purpose of determining a quorum. If your shares are held in “street name,” your shares are counted as present for purposes of determining a quorum if you provide voting instructions to your broker, bank, trustee or other nominee and such broker, bank, trustee or other nominee submits a proxy covering your shares. If a quorum is not present, in person or by proxy, at a meeting of shareholders, those present may adjourn from time to time to reconvene at such date, time and place as they may determine.

Q: What is the effect of abstentions and broker non-votes on voting?

A: Abstentions will be counted as present at the Annual Meeting for the purpose of determining a quorum. Because the number of director nominees does not exceed the number of seats to be elected, each director nominee who receives any “FOR” votes will be elected; accordingly “withhold” votes and abstentions will have no effect on the outcome of Proposal 1. To approve the Say-on-Pay Proposal and the BDO Ratification Proposal, if a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by all shareholders entitled to vote on a particular matter is required for approval. As a result, abstention votes will have no effect on the outcome of the Say-on-Pay Proposal and BDO Ratification Proposal.

A broker non-vote occurs when the broker is unable to vote on a proposal because the proposal is not routine and the shareholder who owns the shares in “street name” has not provided any voting instructions to the broker on that matter. The rules of the NYSE apply to brokers that are NYSE members voting on matters being submitted to shareholders at the Annual

Meeting. Under the rules of the NYSE, if a proposal is routine, a broker holding shares for an owner in street name may vote on the proposal without voting instructions. As a result, other than with respect to the BDO Ratification Proposal, brokers are not entitled to vote on any of the proposals at the Annual Meeting without receiving voting instructions from the beneficial owners. Broker non-votes will have no effect on the outcome of Proposals 1 or 2. If you do not provide voting instructions to your broker holding shares of Common Stock for you, your shares will not be voted with respect to any proposal. We therefore encourage you to provide voting instructions on a proxy card or the voting instruction form provided by the broker that holds your shares, in each case by carefully following the instructions provided.

Q: What vote is required to approve the proposals?

A: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS: Pursuant to our Bylaws, if a quorum is present at the Annual Meeting, with respect to Proposal 1 – “Election of Directors”, directors will be elected by a plurality of the votes cast by shares present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. “Plurality” means that the two nominees who receive the largest number of “FOR” votes of the shares entitled to be voted in the election for directors will be elected, whether or not they received a majority of votes cast. You may vote “FOR” all Board nominees, “WITHHOLD” your vote as to all Board nominees, or “FOR ALL” Board nominees except the specific nominee from whom you “WITHHOLD” your vote. There is no “against” option. Shares voting “withhold” are counted for purposes of determining a quorum. However, if you withhold authority to vote with respect to the election of any or all of the nominees, your shares will not be voted with respect to those nominees indicated. Therefore, “withhold” votes will not affect the outcome of the election of directors. Brokers do not have discretionary authority to vote on the election of directors. Broker non-votes and “withhold votes” will have no effect on the outcome of Proposal 1.

Say-on-Pay Proposal: The approval of a non-binding, advisory resolution approving the compensation of our named executive officers requires the affirmative vote by the holders of a majority of the votes cast by all shareholders entitled to vote on the proposal at the Annual Meeting when a quorum is present. You may vote “FOR,” “AGAINST” or “ABSTAIN.” If you “ABSTAIN” from voting on Proposal 2, the abstention will have no effect on the outcome of the Say-on-Pay Proposal. Broker non-votes will have no effect on the outcome of the Say-on-Pay Proposal. While the vote on the Say-on-Pay Proposal is advisory and will not be binding on us or the Board, the Board will review the results of the voting on this proposal and take them into consideration when making future decisions regarding executive compensation as we have done in this and previous years.

BDO Ratification Proposal: The ratification of the appointment of BDO requires the affirmative vote by the holders of a majority of the votes cast by all shareholders entitled to vote on the proposal at the Annual Meeting when a quorum is present. You may vote “FOR,” “AGAINST” or “ABSTAIN.” If you “ABSTAIN” from voting on Proposal 3, the abstention will have no effect on the outcome of the BDO Ratification Proposal.

Votes will be tabulated by a judge of election appointed for the Annual Meeting, who will separately tabulate affirmative and negative votes, abstentions and broker non-votes.

Q: Could other matters be decided at the Annual Meeting?

A: We do not expect any other items of business will be presented for consideration at the Annual Meeting other than those described in this Proxy Statement. However, by completing, signing, dating and returning a proxy card or submitting your proxy or voting instructions over the internet or by telephone, you will give to the persons named as proxies discretionary voting authority with respect to any matter that may properly come before the Annual Meeting, and of which we did not have notice at least by February 7, 2026, which is 90 days before the anniversary date of our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such persons named as proxies intend to vote on any such other matter in accordance with their best judgment.

Q: Who will count the votes?

A: All votes will be tabulated as required by Pennsylvania law, the state of our incorporation, by the judge of election appointed for the Annual Meeting, who will separately tabulate affirmative and negative votes, abstentions and broker non-votes. Shares held by persons attending the Annual Meeting but not voting and shares represented by proxies that reflect abstentions as to one or more proposals will be counted as present for purposes of determining a quorum. Broker non-votes will not be counted as present for purposes of determining a quorum.

Q: Why did I receive a one-page notice in the mail regarding the internet availability of proxy materials instead of a full set of proxy materials?

A: Pursuant to rules adopted by the SEC, we are using the internet as the primary means of furnishing proxy materials to shareholders. Accordingly, we are sending a Notice of Availability to our shareholders. All shareholders will have the ability to access the proxy materials on the website referred to in the Notice of Availability or request a printed set of the proxy materials. Instructions on how to access the proxy materials over the internet or to request a printed copy may be found in the Notice of Availability. In addition, shareholders may request to receive proxy materials in printed form by mail or electronically by email on an ongoing basis. We encourage shareholders to take advantage of the availability of the proxy materials on the internet to help reduce the environmental impact of our annual meetings.

Q: How do I obtain a copy of Ampco’s Annual Report?

A: The Corporation’s 2025 Annual Report to Shareholders, including the Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 as filed with the SEC, are available at http://www.ampcopgh.com/investors. Copies of the exhibits to the 2025 Annual Report will also be provided upon written request to Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation c/o Corporate Secretary at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, P.O. Box 457, Carnegie, PA 15106, free of charge. Copies of the 2025 Annual Report and exhibits may also be viewed and downloaded at no cost from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The 2025 Annual Report does not form any part of the material for soliciting proxies.

Q: Where can I find the voting results of the Annual Meeting?

A: We plan to announce preliminary voting results at the Annual Meeting and to publish final results in a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC within four business days after the Annual Meeting.

THE BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS VOTING “FOR” THE ELECTION OF BOTH OF THE BOARD’S NOMINEES ON PROPOSAL 1, “FOR” PROPOSAL 2 AND “FOR” PROPOSAL 3.

ELECTION OF DIRECTORS

(Proposal 1)

As of the date of this Proxy Statement, Ampco’s Board comprises eight members divided into the following three classes:

Mr. Abel's term will end at the Annual Meeting at which point he will not be re-nominated for an additional term, and he will retire from the Board after eleven years of service to Ampco-Pittsburgh. The Board and management of the Corporation express their sincerest gratitude to Mr. Abel for his service on the Board. In connection with Mr. Abel's retirement, the Board reduced the number of director seats to seven, and re-balanced the director classes to make them as nearly equal as possible to be effective following the Annual Meeting and has nominated Mr. McBrayer to stand for re-election for a three-year term expiring in 2029.

Directors are elected for three-year terms. The terms for each class end in successive years. The Board, upon the recommendation of the Nominating and Governance Committee, has nominated two incumbent directors to stand for re-election for a three-year term expiring in 2029: Mr. J. Brett McBrayer and Mr. Darrell L. McNair.

Mr. McBrayer was most recently elected by the shareholders at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and Mr. McNair was most recently elected by the shareholders at the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

The Board has determined that Mr. McNair qualifies as an independent director under NYSE corporate governance listing standards. Mr. McBrayer, who is the Corporation's Chief Executive Officer, is not independent under such standards.

If any of the Board’s nominees are unable to serve or for good cause will not serve as a director, the Board may choose a substitute nominee. If any substitute nominees are designated, we will file an amended proxy statement that, as applicable, identifies the substitute nominees, discloses that such nominees have consented to being named in the revised proxy statement and to serve if elected, and includes certain biographical and other information about such nominees required by SEC rules. The persons named as proxies will vote for the remaining nominees and substitute nominees chosen by the Board.

Vote Required

Directors will be elected by a plurality of the votes cast. “Plurality” means that the two nominees who receive the largest number of “FOR” votes of the shares entitled to be voted in the election for directors will be elected. Votes that are withheld or shares that are not voted, including broker non-votes, will have no effect on the outcome of the election of directors.

THE BOARD RECOMMENDS THAT YOU VOTE FOR THE ELECTION OF BOTH OF MR.
J. BRETT MCBRAYER AND MR. DARRELL L. MCNAIR.

Summary of Director Attributes and Skills

Our Board nominees and continuing directors have a diversity of experience that spans a broad range of industries and in the public and not-for-profit sectors. They bring to our Board a wide variety of skills, qualifications and viewpoints that strengthen the Board’s ability to carry out the Board’s oversight role on behalf of our shareholders. In the biographies for our Board nominees and continuing directors below, we describe certain areas of individual expertise that each director brings to our Board.

The table below is a summary of the range of skills and experiences that each continuing director and nominee brings to the Board. Because it is a summary, it does not include all of the skills, experiences, qualifications, and diversity that each director offers, and the fact that a particular experience, skill, or qualification is not listed does not mean that a director does not possess it.

Board Nominees

Nominees for Director Whose Term of Office Expires in 2029:

J. BRETT MCBRAYER

Director Since: 2018

Age at the Annual Meeting: 60

Committees: Executive Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. McBrayer has served as the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer since July 2018. He previously served as President and Chief Executive Officer at Airtex Products and ASC Industries, a global manufacturer and distributor of automotive aftermarket and original equipment manufacturer fuel and water pumps, from 2012 through 2017. Airtex Products and ASC Industries, together with its parent company, UCI International LLC, and affiliated companies filed for bankruptcy protection in June 2016, successfully emerging in December 2016. Mr. McBrayer had also served as Vice President and General Manager of the Alcan Cable business at Rio Tinto Alcan, as Vice President and General Manager of the Specialty Metals Division at Precision Cast Parts Corporation, and held positions of various responsibility and leadership during his 20 years with Alcoa, Inc. (NYSE: AA) Mr. McBrayer received a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering from the University of Tennessee and a Master of Arts in Applied Behavioral Science from Bastyr University.

Attributes and Skills: Mr. McBrayer’s extensive experience in global industrial businesses and his broad executive leadership experience led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

DARRELL L. MCNAIR

Director Since: 2022

Age at the Annual Meeting: 63

Committees: Compensation Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. McNair is currently the President and Chief Executive Officer of the MVP Group of Companies, a privately held group of companies which provide injection molding services, mechanical design engineering services and distribution of foam products to the automotive, medical, industrial, recreational industries and all five branches of the military, since 2000. Previously, Mr. McNair was Executive Director and a member of the board of directors of Detroit Neighborhood & Family Initiative, a non-profit organization sponsored by the Ford Foundation & Southeast Foundation serving various communities in the Detroit area, from 1999 to 2000; Owner & Chief Executive Officer for GERIC Home Health Care, Inc., a home health care organization serving residents in southeast Michigan, from 1996 to 1999; and held various positions at the Ford Motor Company (NYSE: F), an automotive company that designs, manufactures, and markets Ford vehicles worldwide, from 1988 to 1996. Mr. McNair began his career at International Business Machines Corporation (“IBM”). Mr. McNair is also currently a member of the board of directors of Medical Mutual of Ohio, the largest health insurance company based in Cleveland, Ohio, since May 2020. Mr. McNair received his M.B.A. in finance and marketing from Baldwin Wallace University and his B.G.S. in political science from Kent State University.

Other Current Affiliations: Mr. McNair is a board member, trustee and counsel to a number of civic and community organizations, including the Cleveland/Cuyahoga County Port Authority, The President’s Council, the Minority Business

Financing Advisory Board, University Hospital, Northeast Ohio Medical University, ECM Chemicals, the Greater Cleveland Sports Commission, Crain’s Business Diversity Council, the Cleveland Federal Reserve Local Advisory Council and Jumpstart.

Attributes and Skills: With corporate experience at IBM and Ford, Mr. McNair also acquired businesses in the home health care and medical supply, construction, and retail industries throughout his entrepreneurial career. In addition, Mr. McNair has a passion for working with small businesses and mentoring young African males. Professional and personal accomplishments include high level civic engagement, geographic business expansion, peer recognition for humanitarian activities and Black Professional of The Year. Pursuant to the Corporation’s obligations under the Cooperation Agreement, the Board concluded that he should serve as a director.

Continuing Directors Whose Term of Office Expires in 2028:

ROBERT A. DEMICHIEI

Director Since: 2022

Age at the Annual Meeting: 61

Committees: Audit Committee (Chair), Executive Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. DeMichiei is the retired Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of UPMC, a $20B+ nonprofit health system and leading health care provider and insurer, where he served from May 2004 to January 2020. During his time at UPMC, Mr. DeMichiei implemented best practices in controllership, with UPMC achieving voluntary SOX 404 certification in 2006. He also led UPMC’s activity-based costing/service-line implementation and Consumerism initiatives. In addition to Finance, Mr. DeMichiei led the Supply Chain Management and Revenue Cycle functions, driving integration, technology infusion and process improvement/efficiency throughout the organization. Mr. DeMichiei’s teams created a number of healthcare technology solutions, three of which were commercialized and spun-off. Before his 16-year tenure at UPMC, Mr. DeMichiei held various roles of increasing responsibility with the General Electric Company and Price Waterhouse in Pittsburgh. Mr. DeMichiei has a Bachelor’s degree in Business Economics from the University of Pittsburgh.

Other Current Public Company Directorships: Ardent Health and Waystar, Inc.

Other Current Affiliations: Mr. DeMichiei was appointed to the board of directors of Ardent Health (NYSE: ARDT) in April 2025, and serves on the audit and nominating and corporate governance committees. He also serves as a director for Waystar, Inc. (NASDAQ: WAY), where he is the audit, compliance and risk committee chair, and AAA, Inc./ACSC Management Services, Inc./Automobile Club of Southern California. He has served as a Strategic Advisor for Health Catalyst (NASDAQ: HCAT) since January 2020. He has also served as a Strategic Advisor for Omega Healthcare Management Services since April 2021. Additionally, Mr. DeMichiei serves on the board of directors and was formerly board chair and finance committee chair of the United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania. He is also on the board of trustees at Seton Hill University, where he is the chair of the finance committee, and the board of directors of the Advanced Leadership Institute, where he is the treasurer and chair of the finance and investment committee.

Previous Directorships: Mr. DeMichiei served on the board of directors of CombineNet from 2008 to 2010, and Prodigo Solutions from 2008 to 2019.

Attributes and Skills: Mr. DeMichiei’s diverse operational background and experience successfully leading companies through growth and complex change led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

WILLIAM K. LIEBERMAN

Director Since: 2004

Age at the Annual Meeting: 79

Committees: Nominating and Governance Committee (Chair), Compensation Committee and Executive Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. Lieberman has been President of The Lieberman Companies, insurance brokerage and consulting company since May 2015. Prior to that, he held positions at AON and Hilb, Rogal, and Hobbs.

Attributes and Skills: In addition to more than fifty years of management experience in the insurance, benefit and risk management areas, Mr. Lieberman has served as a past chairman of the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, and has served as a director or trustee of several organizations including charitable companies, hospitals and universities. These qualifications led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

DR. LAURENCE E. PAUL

Director Since: 2022; Previously served as Director from 1998-2018

Age at the Annual Meeting: 61

Committees: Executive Committee (Chair)

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Dr. Paul has been a managing principal of Laurel Crown Partners, a private investment company, since July 2002. From 1994 to 2001, Dr. Paul worked at Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette and then Credit Suisse (NYSE: CS) in investment banking, including as a managing director in the Investment Banking Division. He became a President of The Louis Berkman Investment Company, a private investment company, in 2013. Dr. Paul holds an A.B. in biology from Harvard College, an M.D. from Harvard Medical School and an MBA from Stanford Business School.

Other Current and Prior Affiliations: Dr. Paul is currently a member of the board of directors for several non-profit organizations and portfolio companies including: Harvard Medical School’s Board of Fellows, Harvard Alumni Association, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Pittsburgh Steelers Sports, Inc., Pro Football Hall of Fame, Crew Knitwear, and Vereco. From 2006 to 2017, Dr. Paul was a member of the board of governors of the American Red Cross, during which time he served in many roles including vice chair of the board and chair of the audit committee.

Continuing Directors Whose Term of Office Expires in 2027:

ELIZABETH A. FESSENDEN

Director Since: 2017

Age at the Annual Meeting: 71

Committees: Compensation Committee (Chair), Executive Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Prior to her retirement, Ms. Fessenden spent nearly three decades in corporate leadership roles at Alcoa Inc. (“Alcoa”), including as president of the flexible packaging division and president of primary metals allied businesses. She also served in a number of operations roles with Alcoa. From 2006-2008, she was an operations principal with a private equity firm. Since 2008, she has been the principal of Fessenden Associates, a business consulting company. Ms. Fessenden earned Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in engineering as well as a Master’s degree in business administration, all from Clarkson University.

Other Current Public Company Directorships: Fluence Energy

Other Current Affiliations: Ms. Fessenden was appointed to the board of directors of Fluence Energy (NASDAQ: FLNC) in October 2021. She also serves on the board of directors of Plan International, USA, a global girls’ rights organization.

Previous Directorships: Ms. Fessenden was a member of the board of directors of Alpha Metallurgical Resources (NYSE: AMR) from February 2021 through February 2024. She served as a director of Meritor (NYSE: MTOR) from June 2021 to August 2022. Additionally, she served as director of Quarles Petroleum from 2015 to 2021. Ms. Fessenden also served as a director of Cardno (ASX: CDD), from 2014 to 2015 and of O’Brien & Gere, from 2008 to 2014. Ms. Fessenden also served on the advisory board of Alloy Polymers and the board of directors of Polymer Group Inc. (OTC: POLGA).

Attributes and Skills: Ms. Fessenden’s extensive operations experience in the metals industry, her many years of service as a director of companies, and her broad leadership experience led the Board to conclude that she should serve as a director.

MICHAEL I. GERMAN

Director Since: 2014

Age at the Annual Meeting: 75

Committees: Audit Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Prior to his retirement effective June 1, 2025, Mr. German served as the Chief Executive Officer and President of Corning Energy Corporation, a natural gas and electric utilities company (formerly known as Corning Natural Gas Holding Corporation and Corning Natural Gas Corporation). Mr. German also served as president of Corning Natural Gas Appliance Corporation, Pike County Light & Power Company (“Pike”), and Corning Natural Gas’s joint venture investments, Leatherstocking Gas Company, LLC (“Leatherstocking Gas”) and Leatherstocking Pipeline Company, LLC (“Leatherstocking Pipeline”). Prior to joining Corning Natural Gas Corporation in 2006, he was senior vice president, utility operations for Southern Union Company where he was responsible for gas utility operations in Missouri, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. From 1994 to 2005, Mr. German held several senior positions at Energy East Corporation, a publicly held energy services and delivery company, including president of several utilities. From 1978 to 1994, Mr. German worked at the American Gas Association, finishing as senior vice president. From 1976 to 1978, Mr. German worked for the US Energy Research and Development Administration. Mr. German received a Bachelor of Arts in History from Trinity

College, a Masters of Business Administration from Columbia University and a Juris Doctorate from Boston University Law School.

Other Current Affiliations: Mr. German serves on the board of trustees of the Adirondack Park Institute.

Previous Directorships: Mr. German served as a director of Corning Natural Gas Holding Corporation from 2014 until his retirement in June 2025 (and a director of Corning Natural Gas Corporation from 2006 to 2014). He also served on the boards of directors of Leatherstocking Gas, Leatherstocking Pipeline, Pike, Three River Development Corporation and Northeast Gas Association. Mr. German served as a director of Pennichuck Corporation from 2008 until 2011.

Attributes and Skills: Mr. German’s experience as the chief executive officer of a public company, his many years of service as a director of companies and his broad leadership experience led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

Process of Evaluation of Director Candidates

The Nominating and Governance Committee makes a preliminary review of a prospective candidate’s background, career experience and qualifications based on available information or information provided by an independent search firm which identifies or provides an assessment of a candidate or a shareholder nominating or suggesting a candidate. If a consensus is reached by the committee that a particular candidate would likely contribute positively to the Board’s mix of skills and experiences, and a Board vacancy exists or is likely to occur, the candidate is contacted to confirm his or her interest and willingness to serve. The committee conducts interviews and may invite other Board members or senior Ampco executives to interview the candidate to assess the candidate’s overall qualifications. The committee considers the candidate against the criteria it has adopted in the context of the Board’s then current composition and the needs of the Board and its committees.

Upon completion of this process, the committee reaches a conclusion and reports the results of its review to the full Board. The report includes a recommendation whether the candidate should be nominated for election to the Board. This procedure is the same for all candidates, including director candidates identified by shareholders.

The Nominating and Governance Committee may retain the services of a search firm that specializes in identifying and evaluating director candidates. Services that may be provided by the search firm include identifying potential director candidates meeting criteria established by the committee, verifying information about the prospective candidate’s credentials, and obtaining a preliminary indication of interest and willingness to serve as a Board member.

Upon the recommendation of the Nominating and Governance Committee, the Board nominated each of Mr. McBrayer and Mr. McNair for election to a three-year term as director by the shareholders at the Annual Meeting.

Director Compensation

Our non-employee director compensation program is designed to attract and retain outstanding director candidates who have the requisite experience and background as set forth in our Corporate Governance Guidelines, and to recognize the substantial time and effort necessary to exercise oversight of a complex organization like Ampco and fulfill the other responsibilities required of our directors. Mr. McBrayer, our sole employee director, does not receive additional compensation for his Board service.

The Compensation Committee reviews director compensation periodically, but at least once every three years, and recommends changes to the Board when it deems appropriate. The Compensation Committee regularly engages an independent compensation consultant, Pay Governance LLC, to advise the committee with respect to our director compensation program. In connection with its review, Pay Governance LLC assesses the structure of our director compensation program compared to competitive market practices of similarly situated companies. Based on the market information and recommendations provided to the Compensation Committee by Pay Governance LLC, the committee recommended and the Board approved, the Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation's Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (the "Policy") effective May 1, 2022 more fully described below.

Director Fees

In 2025, each director who was not employed by the Corporation received an annual retainer of $50,000, payable quarterly in cash in equal installments. Under the Policy, a non-employee director may elect to receive 100% of the value of the annual retainer in equity in lieu of the cash retainer. No director elected to receive equity in lieu of the cash retainer in 2025. The Board Chair received an additional $60,000 fee, the Chair of the Audit Committee received an additional $15,000 annual fee, the Chair of the Compensation Committee received an additional $10,000 fee, the Chair of the Nominating and Governance Committee received an additional $7,500 fee, and previously, the Chair of the Finance and Investment Committee received an additional $7,500 fee. Further, members of Board committees received the following additional fees in lieu of per

meeting fees: $7,500 for the Audit Committee, $5,000 for the Compensation Committee, $3,750 for the Nominating and Governance Committee and previously, $3,750 for the Finance and Investment Committee. In May 2025, the Board determined to discontinue the Finance and Investment Committee. Directors do not receive additional meeting fees for Board or committee meetings.

Each non-employee director is also entitled to receive an annual stock award. Under our non-employee director compensation program, this annual stock award is supposed to be valued at $70,000 and is usually based on the closing price of our Common Stock on grant date. The Compensation Committee determined the number of shares of Common Stock subject to the 2025 annual stock award based on a per share price of $5.50, rather than $2.26, the closing price of our Common Stock on the date of grant. This resulted in our non-employee directors receiving an annual stock award worth $28,765 as of the grant date, representing approximately 59% fewer shares and corresponding grant value than that which would have been granted had the Compensation Committee used the closing price of our Common Stock on the date of grant, generally consistent with historical practice. This was the third consecutive year and four years in the last six years in which the Committee has reduced the number of shares granted to our non-employee directors based on a per share price calculation at a higher price than the closing price of Common Stock on the date of grant. The shares of restricted stock vest on the one-year anniversary of the grant date.

The following table describes the components of compensation for non-employee directors:

*In May 2025, the Board determined to discontinue the Finance and Investment Committee.

2025 Director Compensation

The table below summarizes the director compensation earned by non-employee directors of the Corporation in 2025:

Directors’ Alignment with Shareholders; Stock Ownership Guidelines

We have a long-standing approach of compensating executive officers and directors in part with stock awards and encouraging retention of stock acquired through such awards or by market purchases. We believe retention of stock creates a long-term perspective and aligns the interests of our directors and executive officers with those of our shareholders.

In 2020, the Board, upon the recommendation of the Compensation Committee, adopted new Stock Ownership Policy Guidelines requiring, among other things, non-employee Directors to hold stock at a target level of three times their annual cash retainer, or $150,000 for 2025.

Directors who were not in compliance with the ownership value requirement were not permitted to sell or transfer more than 50% of shares issued as part of the Corporation’s annual equity award for non-employee directors.

The following table shows the value of each non-employee director’s holdings in Ampco Common Stock as of March 12, 2026, based on the closing price of our Common Stock on NYSE on that date.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Corporate Governance Summary

Presented below are some highlights of our corporate governance practices and policies. You can find further details about these and other corporate governance practices and policies in the following pages of this Proxy Statement.

Board Independence

The Board has adopted standards to assist it in evaluating the independence of its directors, which may be categorized as: (1) compliance with NYSE’s listing requirements, (2) non-material relationships with the Corporation, and (3) other facts and circumstances. The standards are attached to the Corporate Governance Guidelines which are available on the Corporation’s website at www.ampcopgh.com. After evaluating each director on the basis of these standards, the Board has determined that James J. Abel, Robert A. DeMichiei, Elizabeth A. Fessenden, Michael I. German, William K. Lieberman, Darrell L. McNair and Laurence E. Paul do not have material relationships with the Corporation (other than as members of the Board) and are independent within the meaning of the Corporation’s independence standards and those of the NYSE.

Audit Committee members must meet additional independence standards under NYSE listing standards and rules of the SEC. Specifically, Audit Committee members may not receive any consulting, advisory or compensatory fees from the Corporation other than their directors’ compensation. The Board has also determined that each member of the Audit Committee satisfies the enhanced standards of independence applicable to Audit Committee members under NYSE listing standards and SEC rules.

The Board has determined in its judgment that the Compensation Committee is composed entirely of independent directors within the Corporation’s independence standards and those of the NYSE. In making its determination, the Board considered, among other things, the factors applicable to members of the Compensation Committee pursuant to NYSE listing standards and Rule 10C-1 of the Exchange Act.

Leadership Structure

Mr. J. Brett McBrayer is the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the Corporation. Dr. Laurence E. Paul serves as non-executive Board Chair, and in such capacity presides at all meetings of our Board and serves as a conduit between the Board and management. The Board believes that this leadership structure is appropriate for the Corporation at this time because it:

The Board will assess periodically whether the roles should be separated or combined based on its evaluation of what is in the best interests of the Corporation and its shareholders.

Director Nominating Procedures

The Corporation’s Corporate Governance Guidelines and its Nominating and Governance Committee Charter charge the Nominating and Governance Committee with selecting nominees for election to the Board and with reviewing, at least annually, the qualifications of new and existing members of the Board. The Nominating and Governance Committee also considers the extent to which such members may be considered “independent” within the meaning of applicable NYSE rules, as well as other appropriate factors, including overall skills and experience.

From time to time, the Nominating and Governance Committee will seek to identify potential candidates for director nominees and will consider potential candidates proposed by other members of the Board, by management of the Corporation or by shareholders of the Corporation.

In considering candidates submitted by shareholders of the Corporation, the Nominating and Governance Committee will take into consideration the needs of the Board and the candidate’s qualifications. To have a candidate considered by the Nominating and Governance Committee, a shareholder must submit the recommendation in writing and must provide the information set forth in, and otherwise comply with, Section 17 of Article II of the Bylaws. Any notice of director nomination submitted to the Corporation must also comply with Rule 14a-19(b) of the Exchange Act.

The shareholder recommendation and information described above must be sent to Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation c/o Corporate Secretary at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, P.O. Box 457, Carnegie, PA 15106 and, in order to allow for timely consideration, must be received not less than 90 days in advance of the anniversary date of the Corporation’s most recent annual meeting of shareholders.

Once a person has been identified by the Nominating and Governance Committee as a potential candidate, the Committee may review and consider publicly available information regarding the person to assess whether the person should be considered further. Generally, if the person expresses a willingness to be considered and to serve on the Board and the Nominating and Governance Committee believes that the candidate has the potential to be a good candidate, the Nominating and Governance Committee would seek to gather information from or about the candidate. Such information may include information gathered through one or more interviews as appropriate and review of his or her accomplishments and qualifications generally, in light of any other candidates that the Nominating and Governance Committee may be considering. The Nominating and Governance Committee’s evaluation process does not vary based on whether the candidate is recommended by a shareholder. Although the Nominating and Governance Committee does not have a formal written diversity policy, it considers the diversity of our Board to be a priority and considers Board diversity as a whole, including the skills, background and experience of our directors.

Director Terms

The Board is divided into three classes, and the directors in each class serve for three-year terms unless there is a need to adjust the number of Directors in a class or they are unable to continue to serve due to death, resignation, retirement or disability or are otherwise removed from office during such term. The term of one class of directors expires each year at the Corporation’s annual meeting of shareholders. The Board may fill a vacancy by electing a new director to the same class as the director being

replaced or by reassigning a director from another class. The Board also may create a new director position in any class and elect a director to hold the newly created position. In accordance with our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, all directors elected to fill vacancies shall hold office for a term expiring at the annual meeting of shareholders at which the term of the class to which they have been elected expires.

Voting for Directors

The Bylaws provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors. Accordingly, shareholders have the right to cumulate their votes by distributing a number of votes, determined by multiplying the number of directors to be elected at the Annual Meeting (i.e., two) by the number of shares owned by such shareholder as of the close of business on the Record Date, to one individual nominee or among two or more nominees.

Board’s Role in Risk Oversight

The Board as a whole is responsible for risk management oversight of the Corporation and ensuring that management develops sound business strategies. The involvement of the full Board in setting the Corporation’s business strategy and objectives is integral to the Board’s assessment of our risk profile and also a determination of what constitutes an appropriate level of risk and how best to manage any such risk. This involves receiving reports and/or presentations from applicable members of management, the Chief Risk Officer, Chief Information Officer, and the committees of the Board. The full Board continually evaluates risks such as financial risk, legal/compliance risk, operational/strategic risk, reputational risk, fraud risk, cybersecurity risk and other emerging risks, and addresses individual risk issues with management throughout the year as necessary.

While the Board has the ultimate oversight responsibility for the risk management process, the Board delegates responsibility for certain aspects of risk management to its standing committees. In particular, the Audit Committee focuses on enterprise risks and related controls and procedures, including financial reporting, fraud and regulatory risks, as well as oversight of cybersecurity and information technology risk management. In December 2023, the Corporation formed the Cybersecurity Materiality Assessment Team, a multi-disciplinary committee consisting of our senior managers in operations, financing/accounting, information technology and risk management/human resources, which manages disclosure with respect to cybersecurity risk under the oversight of the Audit Committee. The Compensation Committee strives to create compensation practices that do not encourage excessive levels of risk taking that would be inconsistent with the Corporation’s strategy and objectives. The Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for overseeing the Corporation’s corporate governance and corporate governance principles.

Executive Sessions

The non-management directors have regularly scheduled executive sessions, both with and without the Chief Executive Officer. Any security holder who wants to communicate directly with the presiding director, currently our Board Chair, or the non-management directors as a group can do so by following the procedure below under "Communications with Directors”.

Communications with Directors

The Board has established a process to receive communications from shareholders and other interested parties. To communicate with the Board, any individual director or any group or committee of directors, correspondence should be addressed to the Board or such individual or group or committee and sent to Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation c/o Corporate Secretary at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, P.O. Box 457, Carnegie, PA 15106. Communications sent in this manner will be reviewed by the office of the Corporate Secretary for the purpose of determining whether the contents represent a message to one or more of the Corporation’s directors. Depending on the subject matter, the Corporate Secretary may attempt to handle the inquiry directly, such as when it is a request for information about the Corporation or a stock-related matter. The Corporate Secretary also may not forward the communication if it is primarily commercial in nature or it relates to an improper or irrelevant topic.

Annual Meeting Attendance

The Corporation encourages its directors to attend each annual meeting of shareholders. Eight of the directors then in office were in attendance at the Corporation's 2025 annual meeting of shareholders.

BOARD COMMITTEES

Summary

During 2025, the Board had four standing committees: Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Executive Committee, and Nominating and Governance Committee. In May 2025, the Board determined to discontinue the Finance and Investment Committee. The Board makes committee and committee chair assignments annually in connection with the annual meeting of shareholders, although further changes to committee assignments may be made from time to time as deemed appropriate by the Board. The Nominating and Governance Committee Charter, the Compensation Committee Charter, the Audit Committee Charter, and the Corporate Governance Guidelines are available on the Corporation’s website at www.ampcopgh.com.

The current composition of the Board and each committee of the Board is set forth below:

X—Member

C—Chair

All of the directors attended at least 95% of the applicable Board and Committee meetings in 2025, and none of the directors attended less than 75% of the applicable Board and Committee meetings in 2025.

The non-management directors meet separately in regularly scheduled executive sessions without members of management present, except to the extent that the non-management directors request the attendance of one or more members of management. The Board Chair presides over meetings of the non-management directors.

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee held five meetings in 2025 and consists of three directors as of the date hereof: Robert A. DeMichiei (Chair), James J. Abel and Michael I. German. None of the Audit Committee members is now, or has within the past five years been, an employee of the Corporation. The Board has determined that none of the members of the Audit Committee have any financial or personal ties to the Corporation (other than director compensation and equity ownership as described in this Proxy Statement) and that they meet the NYSE and SEC standards for independence applicable to members of the Audit Committee.

The Audit Committee reviews the Corporation’s accounting and reporting practices, including internal control procedures, and maintains a direct line of communication with the Directors and the independent accountants. The Audit Committee also is directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of our independent registered public accounting firm, including pre-approval of all audit and non-audit services to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm, as well as evaluating the performance of our internal audit function and our financial reporting processes. The Audit Committee also has oversight responsibility for the Corporation’s cybersecurity and information technology risk management.

The Board has determined that Mr. DeMichiei meets the SEC criteria to be deemed an “audit committee financial expert” and meets the NYSE standard of having accounting or related financial management expertise. Each member of the Audit Committee is financially literate.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee met six times in 2025 and consists of three directors as of the date hereof: Elizabeth A. Fessenden (Chair), William K. Lieberman and Darrell L. McNair. The Compensation Committee is responsible for reviewing and recommending to the Board compensation programs and policies and reviewing and recommending to the Board the participation of executives and other key management employees in the various compensation plans of the Corporation.

The Compensation Committee, under the terms of its charter, has the sole authority to retain, approve fees and other terms for, and terminate any compensation consultant used to assist the Compensation Committee in executive compensation matters. The Compensation Committee also may obtain advice and assistance from internal or external legal, accounting or other advisors. In 2025, the Compensation Committee engaged Pay Governance LLC as its independent provider of compensation consulting services for decisions relating to 2025 compensation. The Compensation Committee can also utilize external legal advisors and assesses the independence of its advisors.

The Compensation Committee oversees aspects of the Corporation’s human capital management strategy that it may deem of importance to the long-term sustainability of the Corporation. The Compensation Committee is also the administrator of the Clawback Policy.

Certain executive officers of the Corporation attend meetings of the Compensation Committee from time to time and are given the opportunity to express their views on executive compensation matters.

Each member of the Compensation Committee is a “non-employee director” of the Corporation as defined under Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act, and each member is also an “outside director” for the purposes of the corporate compensation provisions contained in Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.

None of our executive officers serve as a member of the compensation committee of any other company that has an executive officer serving as a member of the Board. None of our executive officers serves as a member of the board of directors of any other company that has an executive officer serving as a member of our Compensation Committee.

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee did not meet in 2025. It is comprised of the following five directors as of the date hereof: Laurence E. Paul (Chair), Robert A. DeMichiei, Elizabeth A. Fessenden, William K. Lieberman and J. Brett McBrayer. The Executive Committee is responsible for providing guidance and counsel to the Corporation’s management team on significant matters affecting the Corporation and taking action on behalf of the Board where required in exigent circumstances, such as where it is impracticable or infeasible to convene, or obtain the unanimous written consent of the full Board.

Nominating and Governance Committee

The Nominating and Governance Committee met three times in 2025 and is comprised of the following three directors as of the date hereof: William K. Lieberman (Chair), Robert A. DeMichiei and Darrell L. McNair. The Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for identifying individuals qualified to become directors and recommending candidates for membership on the Board and its committees, developing and recommending to the Board the Corporation’s corporate governance policies and reviewing the effectiveness of board governance, including overseeing an annual assessment of the performance of the Board and each of its committees.

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

Beneficial Ownership of More Than Five Percent

The following table sets forth information, to the extent known by the Corporation, concerning individuals (other than directors or officers of the Corporation) or entities holding more than five percent of the outstanding shares of the Corporation’s Common Stock. The “percent of class” in the table below is calculated based upon 20,326,389 shares outstanding as of March 12, 2026.

Director and Executive Officer Stock Ownership

The following table sets forth as of March 12, 2026, information concerning the beneficial ownership of the Corporation’s Common Stock by the Directors and Named Executive Officers and all Directors and Executive Officers of the Corporation as a group. The “percent of class” in the table below is calculated based upon 20,326,389 shares outstanding as of March 12, 2026.

* Less than 1%

Unless otherwise indicated, the individuals named have sole investment and voting power.

NON-BINDING, ADVISORY VOTE ON COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
(Proposal 2)

The Board is committed to a compensation philosophy and program that promotes our ability to attract, retain and motivate individuals who can achieve superior results for Ampco, its shareholders and its other stakeholders. As part of that commitment, and in accordance with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) and Section 14A of the Exchange Act, shareholders are being asked to approve, in an advisory non-binding resolution, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in this Proxy Statement. This proposal is our “Say-on-Pay” proposal. The Say-on-Pay vote is advisory and therefore not binding on the Corporation or the Board. However, the Board and the Compensation Committee will carefully review the opinions that our shareholders express and will take the outcome of the vote into account when making decisions regarding executive compensation. Our Board adopted a policy to hold this advisory vote on executive compensation annually.

We believe that the Say-on-Pay vote represents an additional means by which we may obtain important feedback from our shareholders about executive compensation. As set forth in the Executive Compensation Overview on the following page, the overall objectives of our executive compensation program are to provide compensation that is competitive, create a structure that is based on achievement of performance goals and provide incentive for long-term continued employment.

Upon consideration of the voting results for the proposal considered at the Corporation’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders regarding the frequency of advisory Say-on-Pay votes, the Board determined to hold an advisory Say-On-Pay vote annually. The Board will consider the results of the Say-On-Pay Proposal following the Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

Shareholders are encouraged to read the Executive Compensation Overview, starting on page 28, which discusses how the elements of the compensation packages for the named executive officers are determined, and review the Summary Compensation Table and the other related information following the Summary Compensation Table. The Board and the Compensation Committee believe that the Corporation’s policies and procedures on executive compensation are strongly aligned with the long-term interests of our shareholders and are effective in achieving the strategic goals of the Corporation. The Say-on-Pay vote gives you, as a shareholder, the opportunity to endorse or not endorse our executive compensation program by voting for or against the following resolution:

“RESOLVED, that the shareholders of the Corporation approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation of the Corporation’s named executive officers, as disclosed in the Corporation’s proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders pursuant to the compensation disclosure rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Executive Compensation Overview, the Summary Compensation Table and the other related tables and disclosure.”

THE BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT YOU VOTE “FOR” THIS RESOLUTION AND THEREBY ENDORSE THE CORPORATION’S EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION PROGRAM.

COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (“CD&A”)

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION OVERVIEW

In this CD&A, we summarize the compensation awarded to our executive officers listed in the Summary Compensation Table on page 40. We refer to these executive officers as our “named executive officers.”

Executive Compensation Overview describes the key features of our executive compensation program for 2025 for our “named executive officers”:

2025 Named Executive Officers
 

We have divided this discussion into five parts:

2025 HIGHLIGHTS

Under the oversight of our Compensation Committee, our compensation program is designed to provide a competitive compensation structure that seeks to retain top performers, incentivize individual performance and enhance shareholder value in a responsible manner. In keeping with this design, the 2025 executive compensation program features a balanced mix of salary and performance-driven annual and long-term incentive award opportunities. The chart below illustrates the target compensation opportunities in 2025 for Mr. McBrayer, our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO,” and also referred to as our “Principal Executive Officer” or “PEO”).

(1) The percentages shown in the charts above are based on the approved base salary of the CEO at the time the compensation structure was established in March 2025, the target short-term incentive (“STI”) percentage, and the target value of the long-term incentive awards granted.

Based on our business performance results, the named executive officers earned bonuses under the STI program, which illustrates our pay-for-performance philosophy and also motivates our officers to continue to focus their efforts on improvements in the overall financial results of the Corporation. The bonuses earned under the 2025 STI program are partially driven by the positive results in the Air and Liquid Processing (“ALP”) segment and the executive officer's individual personal performance modifier. This helped the Corporation to exceed its threshold level. In addition, the portion of our 2023-2025 long-term incentive program (“LTI”) program related to relative total shareholder return (“rTSR”) was achieved at maximum level.

KEY FEATURES OF OUR EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION PROGRAM

Our Compensation Committee (also referred to as the “Committee”) believes that our executive compensation program includes key features that align the interests of our named executive officers and the Corporation’s long-term strategic direction with the interests of our shareholders and is designed to avoid features that could misalign their interests. While we are a smaller reporting company, the Board and management believe that providing the comprehensive overview in this section enhances transparency and provides investors with important insight into our executive compensation program.

2025 COMPENSATION OBJECTIVES

The compensation paid or awarded to our named executive officers for 2025 was designed to meet the following objectives:

We believe various components of our 2025 compensation payments and awards meet the following objectives:

In assessing competitive compensation, Pay Governance prepares a competitive assessment of executive compensation on an annual basis. With the analysis provided by and the perspective of the consultant, the Committee makes determinations regarding executive compensation. The Committee generally targets executive total target direct compensation opportunities at the 50th percentile of the peer group. Total target direct compensation is defined as the sum of base salary, target annual cash bonus and the target grant-date value of long-term incentive awards.

In 2025, compensation decisions for our CEO were recommended by the Compensation Committee and approved by the independent members of the Board. The Committee also made compensation decisions, in consultation with the CEO, with respect to the compensation of the executive officers who report directly to the CEO, including both of the other named executive officers.

2025 COMPENSATION DECISIONS

Salaries

New salary levels for our named executive officers were established in March 2025. Salary adjustments for our CEO are reviewed and must be approved by the independent members of the Board, after a recommendation by the Committee. The Committee is solely responsible for all other executive officer compensation decisions. Determinations by the Committee regarding salary adjustments are made based on a number of objective and subjective factors, including competitive market data, skills and expertise, the Corporation’s financial performance, and a qualitative analysis of each individual officer’s performance during the preceding year, taking into account such factors as leadership, commitment and execution of corporate initiatives and special projects assigned by the Board, the Board Chair, or the CEO. The Committee does not use a formula to calculate base salary adjustments for the CEO and other executive officers. The Committee and the CEO, as applicable, also consider whether there have been any material changes in an executive officer’s title, duties or responsibilities in the preceding year. When an executive officer has assumed significant additional duties, or has been promoted, an above-normal salary adjustment would typically be considered by the Committee or CEO, as applicable. Finally, in rare circumstances, the Committee and the CEO, as applicable, may decide to make a market adjustment in salaries if it is determined that salary levels for one or more of our executive officers have fallen materially below levels that they consider appropriate in order to maintain a competitive compensation package and to discourage valued executives from leaving to pursue other opportunities.

Generally, the differences in the level of pay between the named executive officers is the result of the determination by the Committee or by the CEO, over time, regarding the level of responsibility, function, experience, and length of service that each of the officers possess.

The base salary determinations for each named executive officer in 2025 were as follows:

Annual Incentive Plan

The annual incentive bonus plan is designed to incentivize performance in three categories: (i) operating income performance in our business segments (ii) operating income of the Corporation and (iii) corporate free cash flow. The annual incentive bonus total award for 2025 for Messrs. McBrayer and McAuley was determined using the formula below. The formula for Mr. Lyon applies a 35% weighting to the Forged and Cast Engineered Products (“FCEP”) business segment performance, 35% overall corporate operating income, and 30% corporate free cash flow.

Threshold, target and maximum levels were set for the performance goals, such that no amount would be paid for performance below threshold, 50% of target would be paid for performance at threshold, and no more than 200% of target would be paid for performance at or above maximum. For 2025, the Compensation Committee recommended, and the Board approved, that the 2025 annual incentive bonus plan provide that there will be no payouts above target on any of the performance metrics unless corporate free cash flow meets or exceeds target performance to incentivize the named executive officers and further align with shareholder interests. The annual incentive plan provides discretion to modify payouts by +/- 30 percentage points for individuals based on their individual performance during the year with total award payment capped at 200% of target.

Reported Financial Results. The Committee reviews our financial performance following the end of the year and retains the authority to adjust our reported financial results for items causing significant differences from assumptions contained in our business plan. The Committee has adopted a set of guidelines to help it evaluate potential adjustments. These guidelines are intended to better reflect executives’ line-of-sight and ability to affect performance results, avoid artificial inflation or deflation of awards due to unusual or non-recurring items and emphasize long-term and sustainable growth. Adjustments for 2025 annual incentive primarily included asbestos-related expenses, foreign exchange loss and expenses related to the exit of U.K. operations.

Business Segment Performance Goals (Weighted 50%). The business performance portion of the annual incentive for Mr. McBrayer and Mr. McAuley was based on goals related to the income from operations achieved by the two business segments of the Corporation, the FCEP segment (weighted at 30%) and the ALP segment (weighted at 20%), as compared to the segments’ business plans for 2025. We weighted the FCEP segment more heavily since it is larger than the ALP segment, as determined based on revenue. The Committee continues to monitor the revenue of the ALP segment and may adjust the weighting accordingly in the future. The business performance portion of the annual incentive for Mr. Lyon was based on goals related to income from operations achieved solely by the FCEP segment as compared to the FCEP segment’s business plans for 2025. Income from operations was chosen by the Compensation Committee in the belief that it is the most accurate objective measure of business operating performance. The Committee eliminates most charges or windfalls that are generally beyond the control of the executives and adjusts actual results to allow for the exclusion, for example, of cost changes related to asbestos litigation, adjustments for acquisitions or divestitures, changes in accounting standards, and other similar charges.

(1) Weights reflect allocation for Messrs. McBrayer and McAuley. FCEP segment has a 35% weight and ALP segment is given no weight for Mr. Lyon.

Corporate Operating Income (Weighted 20% for Messrs. McBrayer and McAuley, Weighted 35% for Mr. Lyon). For this purpose, Corporate Operating Income refers to consolidated Income (Loss) from Operations from the Corporation’s consolidated income statement.

The following table shows the Corporate Operating Income portion of the design.

Corporate Operating Income

(1) Weights reflect allocation for Messrs. McBrayer and McAuley. FCEP segment has a 35% weight and ALP segment is given no weight for Mr. Lyon.

Corporate Free Cash Flow (Weighted 30%). For this purpose, Corporate Free Cash Flow is defined as cash flow provided by operating activities minus purchases of property, plant and equipment as observed in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows from the Corporation’s Forms 10-K or 10-Q. Important controllable elements of free cash flow are income, working capital (accounts receivable, inventories, accounts payable), asbestos and retirement benefit payments, and capital expenditures. The Committee may adjust Corporate Free Cash Flow for unusual cash uses, windfalls or grants used to fund capital expenditures.

The following table shows the Corporate Free Cash Flow portion of the design.

Corporate Free Cash Flow Performance Goals

Target Annual Incentive Awards. Target annual incentive awards were established by the Compensation Committee as a percentage of base salary for each named executive officer, intending to provide a competitive bonus opportunity aligned to the named executive officer’s role, responsibilities and historic pay, as follows:

2025 Annual Incentive Award Decisions Based on Performance. Our named executive officers achieved the following results under the annual incentive bonus plan:

The Compensation Committee approved the following annual incentive awards for the named executive officers for 2025, which are included in the Summary Compensation Table for 2025 under “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation”:

(1) Weights reflect allocation for Messrs. McBrayer and McAuley. FCEP segment has a 35% weight and ALP segment is given no weight for Mr. Lyon.

For each of the Annual Performance components of the annual incentive award, results between threshold and target or between target and maximum are interpolated on a straight-line basis.

Long-Term Incentive Plan

The Corporation has adopted the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as Amended and Restated) under which the Compensation Committee may grant the named executive officers and other key employees a variety of types of equity-based awards. The Committee believes that annual grants of equity-based awards serve the purpose of aligning the interests of our named executive officers with the interests of our shareholders. Vesting conditions for equity-based awards also encourage executive retention. The Compensation Committee generally approves annual grants of PSUs (vesting based on performance over a three-year performance period) and Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) (vesting based on continued employment at the time of each vesting anniversary). The Committee believes the current mix of equity incentive awards further ties compensation to our Corporation’s performance while also aligning interests with our Corporation’s long-term shareholders and encouraging retention.

In order to determine the number of shares to grant in 2025, the Committee calculated the number of shares of Common Stock subject to the long-term incentive awards equal to the target long-term incentive amount summarized below based on a per share price of $5.50 rather than $2.26, the closing price of Common Stock on the date of grant. This resulted in executives receiving RSU and PSU awards of fewer shares at target levels than they would have received if the number of shares were determined based on the fair market value on the date of grant. This was the third consecutive year and four years in the last six years in which the Committee has reduced the number of shares granted to executive officers based on a per share price calculation at a higher price than the closing price of Common Stock on the date of grant.

The Committee determined that using a per share price of $5.50 had the benefit of preserving shares and impeding the ability of our executive officers from profiting from a low stock price environment. However, compensating our executives at this significant discount to market compensation goes counter to the retention aspect of equity awards.

In 2023, the Compensation Committee recommended, and the Board approved, a one-time performance-contingent grant of restricted stock units based on achievement of an average closing stock price of $10 per share (the “Price-Based PSUs”). The Price-Based PSUs represented a performance-contingent grant of RSUs based on achievement of an average closing stock price of $10 over any 10-day period between May 15, 2023 and May 15, 2027. Under this additional element to the 2023

long-term incentive plan design upon achievement of the performance milestone and such executive officer's continued service through the one-year anniversary of the grant date, Mr. McBrayer would receive 100,000 shares of common stock and the other named executive officers would receive 50,000 shares of common stock.

In 2025, the Compensation Committee recommended, and the Board approved, a new performance-contingent grant of restricted stock units tied to absolute stock price ("ASP") goals, replacing the Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”) metric for PSU awards. Under this updated design, the payout is determined at threshold, target, and maximum based on achievement of a designated stock price measured as the highest 10-day average stock price achieved in year 2 or year 3 of the performance period, which runs from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2027. Achievement of threshold, target, and maximum performance will result in vesting of the 2025 PSU awards at 50%, 100%, and 200% of target, respectively.

Target Award Amounts. The Compensation Committee sets a target dollar amount for the value of long-term incentive awards granted each year, intending to provide a competitive long-term incentive award opportunity aligned to the named executive officer’s role, responsibilities and historic pay. Those target amounts for 2025 were as follows:

Whether the named executive officers realize these target amounts depends on our financial results and stock price performance and the executive’s continued employment with us.

Mix of Awards: PSUs and RSUs. For 2025 awards, the Compensation Committee recommended, and the Board approved, replacing the PSUs tied to ROIC with PSUs tied to ASP. The Compensation Committee has determined that the 2025 long-term incentive awards for the named executive officers should be provided according to the following mix: RSUs, (weighted 33% of total award); ASP PSUs (weighted 34% of total award), and rTSR PSUs, (weighted 33% of total award). This weighting, and the performance requirements for PSUs discussed below, is intended to further align executive compensation with the Corporation's performance and shareholder goals. The PSUs, to the extent earned based on performance, do not vest until the third anniversary of the grant date following the end of the performance period and the RSUs vest in three equal annual installments starting on the first anniversary of the grant date, to further encourage executive retention. Beginning in 2023, the grants are made on or about May 15 each year.

Performance Design for PSUs.

LTI Awards Granted in 2023 and 2024: The ROIC PSUs and rTSR PSUs become earned based on the Corporation’s performance over a three-year performance period. The Compensation Committee determined that the performance vesting conditions should be based on a mix of our performance against pre-determined goals regarding ROIC and our rTSR as compared against a peer group over the performance period. The ROIC (calculated as net income divided by the sum of average total debt and shareholders’ equity) performance is subject to certain adjustments for mergers and acquisitions, restructurings, foreign exchange fluctuations and accounting changes, among other items, which the Committee deems appropriate. rTSR performance ensures that compensation results are tied to our relative performance against our peers. For the 2023 and 2024 performance plans, the ROIC target range was based on a 3-year average ROIC over the performance period.

The following table shows the ROIC design:

ROIC Performance Goals

The following table shows the rTSR design. rTSR includes cumulative cash dividends (without interest) declared during the performance period. To guard against stock price volatility, the beginning and ending stock prices for determining rTSR are based on an eleven-trading day average using the closing price on the applicable date +/- 5 trading days.